The Psychological Development of a Client Essay Example for Free

The Psychological Development of a Client Essay From societys outlook, one of the most significant lists of ethical quality is the degree of which an individual can oppose weights to abuse accepted practices. An individual who can oppose the enticement without outer observation has taken in an ethical principle as well as is inside spurred to submit to that standard. How do kids procure moral guidelines and what persuades them to comply with these scholarly implicit rules? There are a few hypotheses on moral advancement which have endeavored to address these inquiries. Freuds hypothesis of good advancement is firmly connected to parts of his psychoanalytic hypothesis. Freuds hypothesis was very dubious and had all the earmarks of being essentially worried about sex. Be that as it may, taking a gander at a portion of his work and theorys there are maybe a few regions we might have the option to identify with or even comprehend. Darwin affected Freud. He delivered the first historically speaking mental hypothesis on character, how we create and treatment for emotional well-being sicknesses. Freuds Psychoanalytic methodology is very intricate. Nonetheless, its fundamental justification is that all human conduct is a consequence of an essential main impetus impulse and endurance. The main impetus must be sexual, the need to imitate. Freud accepted that there are three sections to a people mind. This is the cognizant brain, preconscious mind and the oblivious psyche. The cognizant piece of the brain is what is happening right away. The preconscious some portion of the brain is the point at which a specific occasion or token of a specific time that something has occurred, the memory will turn out to be clear once more. The oblivious piece of the psyche is covered. It evidently gives us our drives for sex and our drives forever and passing. This can be clarified as far as the Greek Gods. The Libido (Eros) is the drive for sex and life as it speaks to life and love. The Greek God Thantos is the drive for death. This can be viewed as satisfying the drive through extraordinary games, harsh connections, medication or liquor abuse and profession driven individuals. Freud accepted that the character included three sections. The Id, Ego and Superego. He accepted that when we are conceived, we are brought into the world with the Id, which is the narrow minded part. I need. At the point when the Id gets satisfaction, the Id gets delight, which works completely on the Pleasure Principle. The Ego resembles the official. It does things legitimately and is represented by the Reality Principle. I will get it along these lines on the off chance that I cannot get it another way. This piece of the character just concedes the satisfaction. The Superego chips away at the Morality Principle. Profound quality can be portrayed as a lot of standards or goals that help the person to separate right from wrong, to follow up on this differentiation, and to feel pride in prudent direct and blame fro lead that abuses ones measures. The ethical quality rule in Freuds hypothesis is separated into two sections. The cognizant, which speaks to the rebuffing guardian and forces the blame for improper deeds or musings or any bad behavior. For instance, seeing a robbery yet not announcing it. The self image perfect, which speaks to the compensating guardian and forces the pride which is sentiments of fulfillment for accomplishing something great. For instance, finding a wallet and giving it in to the police headquarters. Freud recommended that our ethical improvement originates from our Superego. This is thus and part of our Oedipus complex. This happens in the phallic phase of our turn of events. This is again a disputable piece of Freuds hypothesis. Freuds clarifies this as a childs sentiments and fascination towards the parent of the other gender. Be that as it may, on the grounds that the young men dread mutilation he learns his manly job and disguises his dads moral norms. Disguising is the way toward embracing the qualities or guidelines of different people groups, accepting these principles as their own. The young ladies dread losing their moms love they build up a cognizant and disguises her moms moral gauges, so both relating to a similar sex parent. The distinguishing proof is disguised by a similar sex guardians moral conduct, so along these lines the inward parent compensates or rebuffs positive or negative activities. In any case, Freud guarantees that since young ladies don't encounter the exceptional dread the young men do of maiming, they will create more fragile superegos than the young men do. We may have the option to acknowledge Freud for him calling attention to that ethical feelings, for example, pride, disgrace and blame are significant and that the disguise of good standards is a urgent advance en route of profound quality. Nonetheless, a great deal of Freuds work is generally unsupported. Freud had likewise accomplished his work dependent on one subject who he communicated with through letters by means of his folks. (Little Hans. ) besides, there is just no proof that young men create more grounded superegos than young ladies. At long last, Freuds proposed age patterns for moral improvement are quite critical. As right on time as 13 to 15 months a few babies are as of now consenting to certain restrictions without outside observation. (Kochanska, Tjebkes and Foreman, 1998. ) According to Kochanska et al. , 1995, by age two little children are starting to give away from of pain when they damage rules and at times attempt to address the missteps that they have made. These perceptions recommend that the youngsters disguise ethics significantly more youthful than Freud has proposed. So despite the fact that the speculation of Freuds profound quality hypothesis has some credit, possibly the his hypothesis of oedipal ethical quality isn't as high contrast as he portrays it.

Zara Case Study Free Essays

In spite of the current unified conveyance model functioning admirably and at beneath limit, ceaseless quick development outside of Spain for Inedited brands (show 8) would bring issues of; bigger amalgamation of scattered system pictures, rater request and customization for Ezra contributions from shoppers. This would additionally bring the impacts of unsettles of scale; expanded transportation costs, top overwhelming Organization, possibly surpassing working limit, expanded hazard if focal dissemination place comes up short. No normalized showcase position †Sara’s development approach have driven them to be situated diversely in each land advertise in spite of focusing on a similar purchaser section, Ezra as of now use organization focused information to decide cost and situating methodologies for various topographical portions. We will compose a custom article test on Zara Case Study or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now This has caused conflicting customer view of their image e. . Americas and Spain. Being in a globalizes commercial center, this represents an issue to the worldwide recognition and position of the Ezra brand. Serious Environment - ? Ezra is contending in a serious market where the opposition are seeing comparable development in stock costs and income (Exhibit 3, Exhibit 5). Contenders, for example, have just accomplished comparable capabilities to Ezra as far as assortment and stock invigorate, and have gotten further developed skills, for example, confinement of dispersion focuses, decreasing the upper hand that Ezra has as far as adaptability in their items cluster and empowering the danger f replacement. Different contenders, for example, Unique have additionally increased upper hand by separating themselves in the soaked market of quick retailing by utilizing an undifferentiated advertising approach focusing on a bigger client base, prompting an income development rate more prominent than Ezra from 2009-2010 (Exhibit 5). Potential Solutions A potential answer for Ezra is the chance of framing a joint-adventure dispersion focus in China as a forerunner for confinement of structure and creation in Asia. This joint-adventure advances multilateral trades with other monetary on-screen characters inside the system. Helping Ezra keep up an upper hand over rivalry by taking into consideration Ezra to survey their ‘STEP dependent on organize understanding to all the more likely normalize their market situating. In any case, interior conflicts can emerge from a move from a brought together to decentralized conveyance plan of action. Additionally both association can conflict because of the dismissal Of the accomplice organization’s basic rationale, destinations and business culture. Another potential arrangement is for Ezra to extend their web based business nearness in Asia and America to increase upper hand, for example, the developing business sector of internet business in America. This takes into account Ezra to stretch out their range to clients, and further gives them an upper hand over contenders, for example, who presently can't seem to arrangement an online business nearness in Asia. This would likewise praise the quick venture into the Asia locale explicitly focused at India and China. Be that as it may, this strategy would involve higher outbound shipment costs as individual things should be sent from the focal appropriation community in Spain to the shopper in Asia or America. This prompts another potential arrangement on concentrating on their current gracefully affix competency in Europe to additionally grow web based business nearness past the 8 nations that utilization an Ezra online store. This would use Sara’s existing unified gracefully affix in Europe to grow reach to the current client base. Be that as it may, this would give Ezra minimal long haul upper hands over rivalry as contender brands can without much of a stretch actualize a similar advertising approach. Ezra may likewise need to consider embracing an undifferentiated methodology by growing their essential line to additionally rival a bigger client base as Unique have finished with a lot of achievement (show 5). This arrangement anyway would to be a practical long haul arrangement and has the chance of influencing their general image observation if less trendy things of garments were being pushed to the shopper. Best Solution The best answer for Ezra is open a joint-adventure circulation focus in China as an antecedent to opening limited plan and creation offices in Asia, this fits into Sara’s target to grow quickly in a serious scene (Exhibit 5). This is likewise predictable with their joint-adventure with Data bunch in opening up Ezra stores in India with the potential for Network Insight. The general issue to this arrangement is that Ezra should discover an accomplice to frame a joint endeavor with, this may likewise require trades with neighborhood monetary on-screen characters in China to pick up knowledge. China is a quick developing business sector for Ezra with 71 stores opening in 4 years and on track to turning out to be Sara’s second biggest market. Opening a conveyance place in China involves the accompanying; 1 . System Insight for ‘STEP’ Competitive preferred position †Whilst opening an appropriation community in China itself is anything but a significant serious competency in contrast with RM’s limited dissemination habitats, by working a joint-whole in China and through the recursive trade in the joint-adventure structure alongside trades with other monetary on-screen characters, this advances multilateral trades which will prompt a practical and better comprehension of the market. This can be utilized by Ezra to help better occasionally assess their ‘STEP’ because of changes in buyer needs, this guarantees boosted long haul achievement and intensity by surveying activities against present day organize bits of knowledge 2. Diminished re-stock time †Currently the current conveyance model for Ezra implies that they can just transport to 1 topographical area for every ay. By incorporating a dispersion community in Asia, it implies that stores inside the developing business sector can be restocked substantially more successfully to all the more likely fulfill purchaser needs 3. Permits the presentation of online business in Asia - ? with a dissemination community in Asia, this considers the chance of building up online business in China in front of Sara’s rivalry. This can likewise be utilized to additionally assemble customer knowledge into inclinations. By working as a joint-adventure, dangers will be imparted to the accomplice association, this, yet assets can be shared to accomplish most extreme productivity. In any case, by opening a conveyance place in China, it will begin to break down the current concentrated structure that Ezra has made. In any case, to extend abroad, Ezra can't depend on organization focused surviving information for extension and comprehension of new clients, as observed through their current separated situating in Americas and Spain. Ezra must begin to adopt an increasingly decentralized strategy regarding worldwide extension. The idea of decentralization may accompany aversion from Ezra partners due to Bonnet’s disappointment with a decentralized plan of action, anyway as Ezra noisy keep up and own an enormous stake in the joint endeavor, they would even now keep up a huge control. With more noteworthy system understanding, this gives a pathway to Ezra to Open plan and creation offices in Asia to improve operational effectiveness in the long haul; 1 . Economies of Scale †in spite of the current incorporated conveyance model not affecting gross benefit development (show 4), the fast venture into Asia can cause bothers of scale through higher transportation costs. By having plan and creation nearby, this will decrease transportation expenses to transport to Asian areas, this would hereford be able to be gainful in further lessening Sara’s carbon impression and improving CARS 2. Proficient Amalgamation of Consumer Feedback †With quick development, there will be more prominent buyer input. By opening up structure and creation in China, it considers proficient and centered amalgamation of Asian shopper recognitions through having a built up arrange understanding. This will permit both quicker reaction time to client input and potential for trade of structures among Asian and European markets to grow Sara’s item portfolio. 3. Closer to Fabric Suppliers †Currently, Ezra curves texture from their Hong Kong office, this office could be utilized to additionally use Asian providers to flexibly texture for Asian creation offices, along these lines lessening costs in bringing in texture from abroad providers. By and large this arrangement intends to give maintainability to Ezra to future development in Asia. Use of Concepts From the accessible contextual investigation, we can see the 3 segments of a Market; the providers, item and client become an integral factor. For providers, we can see that providers, for example, H and Inedited offer a huge assortment of item sections, while Fast Retailing offer item specialization and have a little lessen portfolio. Anyway the most significant part inside this case is the client viewpoint, because of the huge impact that clients have on item arrangement of Inedited and H. Quick retailing remarkable has embraced an undifferentiated methodology by regarding purchasers as a homogeneous portion. In this manner they endeavor to arrive at an enormous client base through a solitary showcasing technique of offering a huge assortment of rudiments in a huge exhibit of hues. This is diverse to the methodology made by and Inedited, who use a separated advertising approach. Inedited has various brands such s Ezra and Berserk using diverse Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning. This comparative idea is utilized by in which sub-brands are showcased to various portion gatherings. This in this way implies Inedited and H intend to have a full-advertise inclusion by offering a wide assortment of contributions to various portions. Be that as it may, as Unique is the biggest retailer to utilize an undifferentiated advertising approach, it has successfu

Why a Customer Data Platform is the Missing Link to Unlock Massive Customer Loyalty

Why a Customer Data Platform is the Missing Link to Unlock Massive Customer Loyalty A tremendous amount of data is wasted every year.In fact, Forrester estimates that 60-73% of all data within an enterprise goes unused. Valuable insights remain hidden in spreadsheets while managers make decisions based on limited information and vanity metrics.It’s not that most companies want to ignore the data that is offered to them.Data is the new oil â€" companies collect millions of data points and hoard them to better understand their customers.However, most of this data is disjointed or siloed.A set of data that gets ignored by one team will be desperately needed by another. Data is wasted when teams aren’t able to gain full access to their various metrics and use them to their best potential.The results of this wasted data are poor marketing campaigns that never reach their full potential and employees who need to work twice as hard to reach their revenue and ROI goals.If only there was a centralized location where every employee and stakeholder could look at multiple s ources of data and use these interactions to glean meaningful, unified insights. If only there was a way to manage customer data on one clear platform.There is. And developing a customer data platform for your company will change how your team makes decisions to improve your marketing mix and customer loyalty efforts.WHAT IS A CUSTOMER DATA PLATFORM?Before you can dive into the value that a customer data platform provides to customers and the connection between customer data and loyalty, it helps to define the terms that we are talking about.This is notably important because the concept of a data platform is often overcomplicated by companies that really just need simple data solutions.A customer data platform is a central hub that connects all sources of data (from first and third party sources) in one location.This platform gives marketers a complete view of their customers, their business performance, and their promotional opportunities. With a clear view of the data, marketers a re better able to make decisions based on facts.Too often, companies have a disjointed data management analytics system.The social media reports don’t align with the data from Google Analytics, which can’t connect to in-store data or third-party research that provides industry benchmarks.As a result, teams spend hours pouring over various reports, trying to draw one conclusion with one set of data while hoping it isn’t disproven with the next set.A customer data platform ensures that all data is unified and accurate.Also, by keeping the data in one central location, it creates a single source of information that the entire team can turn to for information.HOW TO USE YOUR DATA PLATFORM TO UNLOCK CUSTOMER LOYALTYCreating a central hub for data management will completely change how you make decisions within your organization. It has the power to significantly improve your marketing and customer care efforts.There are definitive, measurable benefits that you can track to prove the value of your investment.When you can use data to better connect with your customers, then you can provide better messaging at better times. This leads to happier customers and higher conversion rates.Below are just a few applications for your customer data platform that will improve your overall customer loyalty. You can track improved engagement rates and ROI to notice how your promotional strategies improve.This can justify your investment in the customer data platform while proving the value of your marketing investment â€" when the programs are running at their maximum potential.Create Better User Profiles to Understand Your CustomersTapping into your vast pools of data will help you get to know your audiences and the customers who buy from you.Beyond typical demographics like interests and socio-economic status, you can start to create clear profiles of what your shoppers want to buy, why they need your products, and what causes them to buy from other brands.This insight into your customers is invaluable and can help you create brand messaging that really resonates.Too often, brands are disjointed between what they think their customers want (or who their customers are) and what they actually want. They base this information on their brand vision or on old insights that have changed over time.The result is a tone-deaf marketing message that isolates target customers while bringing in the wrong audiences.This can lead to drops in sales and even long-term damage to how the brand is perceived.Consider the video above, created by stock footage company Dissolve. The Generic Millennial Ad focuses on stereotypes and highlights the nature of tone-deaf messaging based on limited demographics and research.While this video is a fun parody, it highlights the very real nature of brands that try to connect with audiences without real investment in data and research.Not only can data provide factual insight into your customer base, and help you better develop audience personas, it can also adjust and adapt to smaller changes in your audiences.Your customers change over time. They grow out of your brand and new customers walk in, with different ideas, values, and interests. For example, the millennial generation isn’t in college anymore. That’s Generation Z.Most millennials own houses, have kids, and are in their 30s. If you have been targeting “millennials” since they first started graduating high school, then your target generation has changed. Following these changes and adapting allows you to pivot your messaging to stay relevant in today’s highly-personalized digital world.All of your data sources (both from first and third-party sources) work to create your user buying profiles. Think of your customer data platform as a painting of your customer.Each set of data makes the painting more clear, by adding new colors and textures. When all of the data comes together, the painting is vibrant and clear. Without a unified data system in place, you can’t get the full picture.Use Personalization in Your Suggested ItemsThe next generation of consumers is more comfortable than ever with personalized marketing messages.The team at Conversant found that 87% of customers age 25-34 are “very likely to shop at a retailer if they are given personalized offers.”More people understand that if they exchange their personal data with a company, they will receive better-targeted ads and will have a better browsing experience.Image Source: conversantmedia.euDespite this willingness to receive personalized content, few brands are taking steps to use customer data platforms to improve their marketing efforts.Roughly 65% of consumers say brands send them too many irrelevant communications.This includes emails sent right after a purchase, emails promoting items they don’t need, and general messages that turn off customers and make them tune out your brand messaging.A customer data platform better connects user behavior across m ultiple channels and purchase paths.This means that the items your customers see are more likely to be the ones they want to buy.Bring Customers Back Into the Buying CycleUsing the data you curate to learn about your customers is only the first step when developing a customer data platform.The next step is to put your data to work and take action to improve loyalty.One of the most powerful ways you can use your data is to market to customers in a way that brings them back into the buying cycle.All brands have three goals with customer retention:Bring new customers back to turn them into loyal shoppers.Increase the frequency and average tickets of existing loyal shoppers.Prevent customer turnover.With relevant, targeted messages, you can achieve all of these. Your marketing efforts can prevent customers from forgetting about your brand or turning to your competitors â€" reducing turnover.High-quality marketing can also keep new customers engaged and eager to see what else you can off er them.The sweet spot, however, lies in engaging existing customers to grow their value to your brand.As you implement strategic marketing plans based on data, you can watch your customer lifetime value (CLV) increase. Your CLV refers to the number of purchases and average order value per purchase for customers over time.For Victoria’s Secret, if the average customer spends $75 per visit and shops there quarterly, then the CLV is worth $3,000 over a decade. If the women’s lingerie company can increase the AOV to $100, then the CLV jumps up to $4,000.While this is a simplified example, you can see how improving your marketing efforts through better data analysis can have a significant impact on your revenue.If Victoria’s Secret applies this single customer example to their entire consumer base, they would see how small drops in frequency or a lower AOV could be devastating for their business.Improving your data management efforts isn’t just about keeping customers loyal and engaged, it’s about keeping your business afloat.Improve Retargeting With Better Behavioral MetricsOne strategy that brands use to create better marketing messages for customers is the use of remarketing and retargeting content.Retargeting emails and abandoned cart triggers are incredibly popular in the eCommerce world â€" and for good reason.With an average cart abandonment rate of 79%, brands can significantly grow their sales if they can bring back even a fraction of those lost customers. Abandon cart emails are also often successful.SaleCycle has found that abandoned cart email open rates hover around 43% for most sectors â€" and have a conversion rate average of 2.9%. Marketing to lost customers is easier and more affordable for brands than starting fresh with cold leads. Image Source: blog.salecycle.comHowever, abandoned cart email triggers require specific customer behaviors. Customers need to be logged-in to their accounts and they need to add items to their carts before abandoning them.Better data, however, can change this. Today, brands are investing in retargeting through product views, rather than abandoned cart messages.Only a limited number of customers on your website add items to their carts.However, the vast majority (most of your customers who don’t bounce) at least look at products before they leave.Modern data can track the behavior of customers and send recommendation emails based on the products viewed, even if they were never added to the cart.Immediately, this exponentially increases the number of re-engaged customers, but that’s not the only impressive part.Behavioral data can sort customers and identify the ones that are most likely to buy while showing them a few top product options. A few metrics your retargeting tool might use include:Length of time spent browsing various products.Top products viewed (duration viewed, clicks on the product page, reviews read).Similar products viewed while comparison shopping.Past buying behavior and products bought.While the number of customers you reach increases by retargeting customers based on products viewed, the quality of email content ensures that your marketing efforts are profitable and drive results.Fill in the Gaps of Offline Interaction and Connect Buyers Across DevicesWhen a customer walks into your store, makes a purchase in cash, and walks out, do you know who they are and what they purchased? Can you link up their current purchases with the ads they saw the day before? Can you compare their purchases this time with past purchases with your brand?With a strong customer data platform, you can.By connecting multiple sources of data, you can better understand the behavior of your customers with clear insights â€" even if they go offline or switch devices during the buying process.For example, you can compare your internal data of the items sold with items that your customers browsed online the day before.You can use store conversions in Google Ads to see which customers took action after browsing online. You can also compare the tickets of certain customers with other similar buyers (with past buying history and demographics) to estimate what that person likely bought in the past.Suddenly, an in-store sale provides a window into that customer’s behavior and allows you to learn more about the person walking into your store.Using data to identify cross-device behavior is becoming exceptionally important.Signal reports that the average consumer owns four connected devices and uses at least three of them daily.Unfortunately, most marketers only connect with customers on one device and lose them completely once they go offline.“And this is a problem. Because devices don’t shop. People do,” they write.Your customers are not about to simplify their browsing behavior to appease your marketing team. You need to meet your customer demands if you want to communicate with them effectively.This means unifying your data sources to create a platform where you can understand user behavior across devices, locations, channels, and any other divide that a user might cross during their buyer journey.Reduce Irrelevant or Repetitive Marketing MessagesAll of these efforts to improve your marketing and grow your customer loyalty boil down to one idea: you want to send the best marketing messages possible to your customers when they want to see them.Irrelevancy is the kiss of death for marketers in a world of strategic marketing and digital communication.According to SproutSocial, 41% of customers will unfollow a brand on social media because the information isn’t relevant.This is the most common reason beyond the brand posting too many promotional messages (46%).Image Source: sproutsocial.comThe company writes that the “A nnoyance Factor” is real. Users will unfollow a brand if they post annoying (irrelevant, tone-deaf, repetitive) messages that they don’t connect with.Outside of the social media world, these unfollow actions come in the form of high unsubscribe rates, lower website traffic, and dropped organic rankings as customers actively avoid your brand.At the bare minimum, your company needs to invest in data insights to reduce customer turnover.What starts as a defensive maneuver to prevent customer loss can eventually grow into a proactive motion to improve loyalty and increase the number of purchases each month or year.BENEFITS OF A CUSTOMER DATA PLATFORM FOR YOUR BUSINESSAlong with the measurable, targeted benefits of adding a data management platform to your business, there are also smaller benefits that you may notice within your internal operations.While these benefits are less tangible, you will notice that your teams operate smoother and your coworkers are on the same page more oft en.This is because everyone is looking at the same data sources and drawing similar conclusions.With a disjointed data system, each employee relies on the information that is available to them.Your paid search team uses their Google and Bing ads interface and Google Analytics results to come to their own conclusions.Meanwhile, your SEO, social, and in-store marketing teams each have their own analytics systems that they turn to.No one is able to take a high-level view of the customer and consider the buyer’s journey as a whole.However, once your data sources come together, it is easier to look at your audiences as whole people who travel through complex buying journeys, rather than snapshot customers who either converted or didn’t.This whole customer view keeps everyone on the same page. You can focus more on moving customers forward and meeting their needs and less on who has the right data or the best insights.BUILD YOUR OWN CUSTOMER DATA PLATFORMAs you start to understand the benefits of having a data management platform to your customers, your revenue, and even your internal operations, you can begin to identify what your company is missing. Where does your data become disjointed? Where is the data misaligned or missing entirely?These are hints that you can follow to identify problems with the data processes that you need to solve in order to grow your data maturity.Building a customer data platform starts with data identification.Once you have the data you need, the next step is to connect your sources into one hub.The final stage of data management comes with data sources that work together in a centralized hub and are easy to understand, analyze, and adjust.We recommend you start with a data maturity assessment to see where your company is within this process and how far you need to go.If your company is one of many that wastes 70% of their collected data, then it’s time to take control of how you collect and analyze information.The more informati on you are able to use and review in a clear manner, the better informed you will be as you make decisions for your customer, not just for your brand. About Author Craig Smith is the Founder of Trinity Insight, an optimization agency that helps brands grow faster online. Craig started Trinity in 2006 and prior to that worked as a strategist for Ebay Enterprise.   Craig is a frequent speaker at eCommerce events and guest lectures at NYU and Villanova on optimization business concepts.

Why a Customer Data Platform is the Missing Link to Unlock Massive Customer Loyalty

Why a Customer Data Platform is the Missing Link to Unlock Massive Customer Loyalty A tremendous amount of data is wasted every year.In fact, Forrester estimates that 60-73% of all data within an enterprise goes unused. Valuable insights remain hidden in spreadsheets while managers make decisions based on limited information and vanity metrics.It’s not that most companies want to ignore the data that is offered to them.Data is the new oil â€" companies collect millions of data points and hoard them to better understand their customers.However, most of this data is disjointed or siloed.A set of data that gets ignored by one team will be desperately needed by another. Data is wasted when teams aren’t able to gain full access to their various metrics and use them to their best potential.The results of this wasted data are poor marketing campaigns that never reach their full potential and employees who need to work twice as hard to reach their revenue and ROI goals.If only there was a centralized location where every employee and stakeholder could look at multiple s ources of data and use these interactions to glean meaningful, unified insights. If only there was a way to manage customer data on one clear platform.There is. And developing a customer data platform for your company will change how your team makes decisions to improve your marketing mix and customer loyalty efforts.WHAT IS A CUSTOMER DATA PLATFORM?Before you can dive into the value that a customer data platform provides to customers and the connection between customer data and loyalty, it helps to define the terms that we are talking about.This is notably important because the concept of a data platform is often overcomplicated by companies that really just need simple data solutions.A customer data platform is a central hub that connects all sources of data (from first and third party sources) in one location.This platform gives marketers a complete view of their customers, their business performance, and their promotional opportunities. With a clear view of the data, marketers a re better able to make decisions based on facts.Too often, companies have a disjointed data management analytics system.The social media reports don’t align with the data from Google Analytics, which can’t connect to in-store data or third-party research that provides industry benchmarks.As a result, teams spend hours pouring over various reports, trying to draw one conclusion with one set of data while hoping it isn’t disproven with the next set.A customer data platform ensures that all data is unified and accurate.Also, by keeping the data in one central location, it creates a single source of information that the entire team can turn to for information.HOW TO USE YOUR DATA PLATFORM TO UNLOCK CUSTOMER LOYALTYCreating a central hub for data management will completely change how you make decisions within your organization. It has the power to significantly improve your marketing and customer care efforts.There are definitive, measurable benefits that you can track to prove the value of your investment.When you can use data to better connect with your customers, then you can provide better messaging at better times. This leads to happier customers and higher conversion rates.Below are just a few applications for your customer data platform that will improve your overall customer loyalty. You can track improved engagement rates and ROI to notice how your promotional strategies improve.This can justify your investment in the customer data platform while proving the value of your marketing investment â€" when the programs are running at their maximum potential.Create Better User Profiles to Understand Your CustomersTapping into your vast pools of data will help you get to know your audiences and the customers who buy from you.Beyond typical demographics like interests and socio-economic status, you can start to create clear profiles of what your shoppers want to buy, why they need your products, and what causes them to buy from other brands.This insight into your customers is invaluable and can help you create brand messaging that really resonates.Too often, brands are disjointed between what they think their customers want (or who their customers are) and what they actually want. They base this information on their brand vision or on old insights that have changed over time.The result is a tone-deaf marketing message that isolates target customers while bringing in the wrong audiences.This can lead to drops in sales and even long-term damage to how the brand is perceived.Consider the video above, created by stock footage company Dissolve. The Generic Millennial Ad focuses on stereotypes and highlights the nature of tone-deaf messaging based on limited demographics and research.While this video is a fun parody, it highlights the very real nature of brands that try to connect with audiences without real investment in data and research.Not only can data provide factual insight into your customer base, and help you better develop audience personas, it can also adjust and adapt to smaller changes in your audiences.Your customers change over time. They grow out of your brand and new customers walk in, with different ideas, values, and interests. For example, the millennial generation isn’t in college anymore. That’s Generation Z.Most millennials own houses, have kids, and are in their 30s. If you have been targeting “millennials” since they first started graduating high school, then your target generation has changed. Following these changes and adapting allows you to pivot your messaging to stay relevant in today’s highly-personalized digital world.All of your data sources (both from first and third-party sources) work to create your user buying profiles. Think of your customer data platform as a painting of your customer.Each set of data makes the painting more clear, by adding new colors and textures. When all of the data comes together, the painting is vibrant and clear. Without a unified data system in place, you can’t get the full picture.Use Personalization in Your Suggested ItemsThe next generation of consumers is more comfortable than ever with personalized marketing messages.The team at Conversant found that 87% of customers age 25-34 are “very likely to shop at a retailer if they are given personalized offers.”More people understand that if they exchange their personal data with a company, they will receive better-targeted ads and will have a better browsing experience.Image Source: conversantmedia.euDespite this willingness to receive personalized content, few brands are taking steps to use customer data platforms to improve their marketing efforts.Roughly 65% of consumers say brands send them too many irrelevant communications.This includes emails sent right after a purchase, emails promoting items they don’t need, and general messages that turn off customers and make them tune out your brand messaging.A customer data platform better connects user behavior across m ultiple channels and purchase paths.This means that the items your customers see are more likely to be the ones they want to buy.Bring Customers Back Into the Buying CycleUsing the data you curate to learn about your customers is only the first step when developing a customer data platform.The next step is to put your data to work and take action to improve loyalty.One of the most powerful ways you can use your data is to market to customers in a way that brings them back into the buying cycle.All brands have three goals with customer retention:Bring new customers back to turn them into loyal shoppers.Increase the frequency and average tickets of existing loyal shoppers.Prevent customer turnover.With relevant, targeted messages, you can achieve all of these. Your marketing efforts can prevent customers from forgetting about your brand or turning to your competitors â€" reducing turnover.High-quality marketing can also keep new customers engaged and eager to see what else you can off er them.The sweet spot, however, lies in engaging existing customers to grow their value to your brand.As you implement strategic marketing plans based on data, you can watch your customer lifetime value (CLV) increase. Your CLV refers to the number of purchases and average order value per purchase for customers over time.For Victoria’s Secret, if the average customer spends $75 per visit and shops there quarterly, then the CLV is worth $3,000 over a decade. If the women’s lingerie company can increase the AOV to $100, then the CLV jumps up to $4,000.While this is a simplified example, you can see how improving your marketing efforts through better data analysis can have a significant impact on your revenue.If Victoria’s Secret applies this single customer example to their entire consumer base, they would see how small drops in frequency or a lower AOV could be devastating for their business.Improving your data management efforts isn’t just about keeping customers loyal and engaged, it’s about keeping your business afloat.Improve Retargeting With Better Behavioral MetricsOne strategy that brands use to create better marketing messages for customers is the use of remarketing and retargeting content.Retargeting emails and abandoned cart triggers are incredibly popular in the eCommerce world â€" and for good reason.With an average cart abandonment rate of 79%, brands can significantly grow their sales if they can bring back even a fraction of those lost customers. Abandon cart emails are also often successful.SaleCycle has found that abandoned cart email open rates hover around 43% for most sectors â€" and have a conversion rate average of 2.9%. Marketing to lost customers is easier and more affordable for brands than starting fresh with cold leads. Image Source: blog.salecycle.comHowever, abandoned cart email triggers require specific customer behaviors. Customers need to be logged-in to their accounts and they need to add items to their carts before abandoning them.Better data, however, can change this. Today, brands are investing in retargeting through product views, rather than abandoned cart messages.Only a limited number of customers on your website add items to their carts.However, the vast majority (most of your customers who don’t bounce) at least look at products before they leave.Modern data can track the behavior of customers and send recommendation emails based on the products viewed, even if they were never added to the cart.Immediately, this exponentially increases the number of re-engaged customers, but that’s not the only impressive part.Behavioral data can sort customers and identify the ones that are most likely to buy while showing them a few top product options. A few metrics your retargeting tool might use include:Length of time spent browsing various products.Top products viewed (duration viewed, clicks on the product page, reviews read).Similar products viewed while comparison shopping.Past buying behavior and products bought.While the number of customers you reach increases by retargeting customers based on products viewed, the quality of email content ensures that your marketing efforts are profitable and drive results.Fill in the Gaps of Offline Interaction and Connect Buyers Across DevicesWhen a customer walks into your store, makes a purchase in cash, and walks out, do you know who they are and what they purchased? Can you link up their current purchases with the ads they saw the day before? Can you compare their purchases this time with past purchases with your brand?With a strong customer data platform, you can.By connecting multiple sources of data, you can better understand the behavior of your customers with clear insights â€" even if they go offline or switch devices during the buying process.For example, you can compare your internal data of the items sold with items that your customers browsed online the day before.You can use store conversions in Google Ads to see which customers took action after browsing online. You can also compare the tickets of certain customers with other similar buyers (with past buying history and demographics) to estimate what that person likely bought in the past.Suddenly, an in-store sale provides a window into that customer’s behavior and allows you to learn more about the person walking into your store.Using data to identify cross-device behavior is becoming exceptionally important.Signal reports that the average consumer owns four connected devices and uses at least three of them daily.Unfortunately, most marketers only connect with customers on one device and lose them completely once they go offline.“And this is a problem. Because devices don’t shop. People do,” they write.Your customers are not about to simplify their browsing behavior to appease your marketing team. You need to meet your customer demands if you want to communicate with them effectively.This means unifying your data sources to create a platform where you can understand user behavior across devices, locations, channels, and any other divide that a user might cross during their buyer journey.Reduce Irrelevant or Repetitive Marketing MessagesAll of these efforts to improve your marketing and grow your customer loyalty boil down to one idea: you want to send the best marketing messages possible to your customers when they want to see them.Irrelevancy is the kiss of death for marketers in a world of strategic marketing and digital communication.According to SproutSocial, 41% of customers will unfollow a brand on social media because the information isn’t relevant.This is the most common reason beyond the brand posting too many promotional messages (46%).Image Source: sproutsocial.comThe company writes that the “A nnoyance Factor” is real. Users will unfollow a brand if they post annoying (irrelevant, tone-deaf, repetitive) messages that they don’t connect with.Outside of the social media world, these unfollow actions come in the form of high unsubscribe rates, lower website traffic, and dropped organic rankings as customers actively avoid your brand.At the bare minimum, your company needs to invest in data insights to reduce customer turnover.What starts as a defensive maneuver to prevent customer loss can eventually grow into a proactive motion to improve loyalty and increase the number of purchases each month or year.BENEFITS OF A CUSTOMER DATA PLATFORM FOR YOUR BUSINESSAlong with the measurable, targeted benefits of adding a data management platform to your business, there are also smaller benefits that you may notice within your internal operations.While these benefits are less tangible, you will notice that your teams operate smoother and your coworkers are on the same page more oft en.This is because everyone is looking at the same data sources and drawing similar conclusions.With a disjointed data system, each employee relies on the information that is available to them.Your paid search team uses their Google and Bing ads interface and Google Analytics results to come to their own conclusions.Meanwhile, your SEO, social, and in-store marketing teams each have their own analytics systems that they turn to.No one is able to take a high-level view of the customer and consider the buyer’s journey as a whole.However, once your data sources come together, it is easier to look at your audiences as whole people who travel through complex buying journeys, rather than snapshot customers who either converted or didn’t.This whole customer view keeps everyone on the same page. You can focus more on moving customers forward and meeting their needs and less on who has the right data or the best insights.BUILD YOUR OWN CUSTOMER DATA PLATFORMAs you start to understand the benefits of having a data management platform to your customers, your revenue, and even your internal operations, you can begin to identify what your company is missing. Where does your data become disjointed? Where is the data misaligned or missing entirely?These are hints that you can follow to identify problems with the data processes that you need to solve in order to grow your data maturity.Building a customer data platform starts with data identification.Once you have the data you need, the next step is to connect your sources into one hub.The final stage of data management comes with data sources that work together in a centralized hub and are easy to understand, analyze, and adjust.We recommend you start with a data maturity assessment to see where your company is within this process and how far you need to go.If your company is one of many that wastes 70% of their collected data, then it’s time to take control of how you collect and analyze information.The more informati on you are able to use and review in a clear manner, the better informed you will be as you make decisions for your customer, not just for your brand. About Author Craig Smith is the Founder of Trinity Insight, an optimization agency that helps brands grow faster online. Craig started Trinity in 2006 and prior to that worked as a strategist for Ebay Enterprise.   Craig is a frequent speaker at eCommerce events and guest lectures at NYU and Villanova on optimization business concepts.

Who Invented Electronic Cigarettes

Next time you see someone smoking in a nonsmoking area, and you are just about to ask them to put it out, well here is one reason to do a double check first. An electronic cigarette looks almost exactly like a real cigarette, and it is easy to mistake someone using an electronic cigarette for smoking a real cigarette. However, it is a battery operated device that allows one to inhale vaporized nicotine and simulates the experience of smoking a real cigarette. How Electronic Cigarettes Work Unlike a regular cigarette, you dont need matches to smoke an e-cig, they are powered by a rechargeable lithium battery. Hidden inside the e-cig is a chamber that contains miniaturized electronics and an atomizer. The function of the tiny atomizer is to vaporize the liquid nicotine turning it into an aerosol mist, and it is activated by the inhaling action of the user, by taking a puff. The liquid nicotine is hidden inside another refillable chamber that on the outside looks like the filter of a cigarette, where the smoker places their mouth to inhale. When a person smokes an electronic cigarette, they look exactly like they are smoking a tobacco filled cigarette. By inhaling, the smoker pulls the liquid nicotine into the atomizer chamber, the electronics heat the liquid and vaporizes it and passes the vapor on to the smoker. The nicotine vapor enters the smokers lungs, and voila, a nicotine high occurs. The vapor even looks like cigarette smoke. Other features of the e-cig may include an LED light at the end of the cigarette that emulates the flame of burning tobacco. Invention In 1963, Herbert Gilbert patented a smokeless non-tobacco cigarette. In his patent, Gilbert described how his device worked, by replacing burning tobacco and paper with heated, moist, flavored air. Gilberts device involved no nicotine, smokers of Gilberts device enjoyed flavored steam. Attempts to commercialize Gilberts invention failed, and his product fell into obscurity. However, it deserves mention as the earliest patent for an electronic cigarette. Better known is the invention of Chinese pharmacist Hon Lik, who patented the first nicotine based electronic cigarette in 2003. The following year, Hon Lik was the first person to manufacture and sell such a product, first in the Chinese market and then internationally. Are They Safe? Electronic cigarettes are no longer considered a smoking cessation tool as they were once promoted as being. Nicotine is addictive. However, e-cigs do not have the harmful tars that regular commercial cigarettes do contain, but unfortunately, they might have other harmful chemical ingredients included. The toxic substance found in an examination of e-cigs by the FDA included things like diethylene glycol, a toxic chemical used in antifreeze. There is also controversy over how to regulate electronic cigarettes, age restrictions, and if they should or should not be included in smoking bans. Secondhand vapors could be just as bad as secondhand smoke. Some countries have banned the sale and marketing of e-cigs entirely. In September 2010, the FDA issued some warning letters to electronic cigarette distributors for various violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act including â€Å"violations of good manufacturing practices, making unsubstantiated drug claims, and using the devices as delivery mechanisms for active pharmaceutical ingredients.† A Booming Business If electronic cigarettes do continue to remain legal in the United States and other countries, there are huge profits to be made. According to Forbes.com manufacturers make between $250 million to $500 million estimated annually and while that is a small portion of the $100 billion US tobacco market, a government survey found that 2.7% of U.S. adults had tried e-cigarettes by 2010, up from 0.6% a year earlier, the kind of statistics that potential trends are made of.

Use Of Historiography, Facts And Figures, The Impacts The...

This essay will discuss and evaluate, with the use of historiography, facts and figures, the impacts the â€Å"Black Death† had on Europe, especially focusing on Britain. The Black Death killed almost 200 million innocent men, woman and children worldwide and peaked in Europe around mid-14th century. In London alone it was estimated that two thirds of the population was completely obliterated, while around one third of the whole of Europe were also diminished, during this time period. One historian, Sean Martin, explained how quickly the plague spread from one person to another person, and how deadly the plague actually turned out to be. â€Å"While at sea, plague began to spread among the crew by the time the ship ran aground near their destination, no one was left alive.† (Martin, 2001). The plague wiped out large scales of people and places at a time and showed no sign of stopping. It was thought to have originated In the Arid Plains of Central Africa in fields an d since then spread rapidly across the globe. It was mainly spread through three different ways. First of all, Pneumonic Plague, which was the spread of the disease through effects of common colds, such as sneezing and coughing. Also, Bubonic Plague which was the spread through infected rats that arrived on ports and moved swiftly across countries. In addition to these two, there was a third method called Septicaemic Plague, which is spread through contact of open sores. There was also a less devastating and effectiveShow MoreRelatedThe Trans Atlantic Slave Trade2208 Words   |  9 Pages In 1969 Philip Curtin described the historiography of the Atlantic slave trade as a â€Å"Numbers Game.† Curtin found that historians conceptualized the commodification of human beings through quantification. 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The two sculptures thatRead MoreLin Onis : A Renowned Indigenous Sculptor From Melbourne Australia1974 Words   |  8 PagesSouth Wales. Belonging on the vigilant side to the Yorta Yorta people. His life’s work of paintings and sculptures has been praised for the ir technical competence and their bold association of indigenous and Western styles. Onus was an inspirational figure for his family, friends, colleagues and the wider Australian community. Onus’s usual procedure of working involved, synthetic polymer paint fibreglass, sculptures, wire and metal installation containing five or more units. The two sculptures thatRead MoreRacial Superiority Between Native Africans And The United States Of America3280 Words   |  14 Pagesraces have distinctive characteristics which determine their respective cultures, usually involving the idea that one s own race is superior and has the right to rule or dominate others is racial superiority. 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Allegory in Everyman and The Pilgrims Progress free essay sample

Published roughly two centuries apart, ‘Everyman’ and ‘The Pilgrim’s Progress’ are two very different, yet highly similar pieces of religious literature. Laying a great deal of emphasis on â€Å"salvation through good works and sacraments† (Lecture), the late medieval play ‘Everyman’ is a profound piece of Catholic work with strong religious purpose. Everyman’s search for a companion on his journey towards death, and his encounter with different characters reflects on his moral views and attitude towards his religion. As a form of morality play, the plot is set to teach something about the human condition. Religious truths are thus dramatized in the play for didactic motives (Cicily). Unlike in ‘Everyman’ where God’s judgment for salvation depends on Everyman’s good deeds and the way he spends his life, the journey towards salvation in ‘The Pilgrim’s Progress’ is Christianâ€⠄¢s individual and internal spiritual experience (Lecture). Any human deeds or status do not play a part in the attainment for religious salvation since salvation came from God’s grace and will alone. We will write a custom essay sample on Allegory in Everyman and The Pilgrims Progress or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Christian’s final achievement for salvation is a major expression of John Bunyan’s work as a piece of Calvinist literature. With strict predestination as the central Calvinist belief, salvation is only offered to the elect – those who were predestined for salvation, just like Christian in the story. As variant as their communication of religious meanings may be, ‘Everyman’ and ‘The Pilgrim’s Progress’ are highly similar in their literary forms – they are both allegories. Both texts employ the heavy use of symbolism in their allegory to help illustrate the coherent doctrines which is hoped to be express and comprehended through the literature (Cumberland). This essay will go on to explain and exemplify in detail, the ways in which allegory is used in ‘Everyman’ and ‘The Pilgrim’s Progress’, and also the reasons for using allegory to communicate their respective Catholic and Calvinist religiou s meanings. To begin with, the names of the central characters in both ‘Everyman’ and ‘The Pilgrim’s Progress’ are the most apparent application of allegory in revealing their different religious intentions. Unlike normal fiction stories, interpretations of allegories need no argument as it is relatively unambiguous and straightforward. Readers and audiences can  usually look beyond the literal meanings of characters, places and events etc. to derive the full and real meanings behind. The point of reference for allegorical symbols is therefore clear and precise. Deducing from the name, Everyman in ‘Everyman’ refers to the general humanity – every man. He is the metaphorical representation of all human beings. Since death is a universal human experience and the Day of Judgment is also something that human beings would have to face eventually, Everyman’s journey towards his final reckoning is an allegory of every man’s search for salvation and the way to achieve it. Due to the symbolic representation of Everyman’s name, as readers and audiences read or watch the play, they are quickly able to relate themselves to the central character – Everyman, thereby, comprehending the religious message behind. At the same time, the allegory also serves to remind people of the religious view of the Catholic Church in Medieval England. In the play, Everyman is advised by Knowledge to â€Å"go to priesthood† as his remedy for damnation since the priest was the intermediary to God and also the holder of the sacraments. Here, the emphasis of the importance of the Church as a medium in the road to salvation and gaining of eternal life echoes greatly with the religious view of the Catholics. Human beings are reminded to seek virtues in life and avoid vices in order to receive God’s blessing and achieve heaven (Everyman). Unlike ‘Everyman’, Christian, the protagonist for ‘The Pilgrim’s Progress’ do not symbolize the general representation of humanity. Christian allegorically signifies the chosen Christians who were predestined to receive the grace of salvation from God. As Calvinists believed in the notion of â€Å"sovereign grace†, humans are in the total mercy of God. God condemns all human beings for their sins but at the same time, chooses to be merciful to some – the â€Å"elect†, pardon their sins and admits them into heaven (Calvinism). In Christian’s pilgrimage to Celestial City, he enters the wicket gate and sets off on his jo urney. Along the way, he comes into contact with a lot of other different characters who either enter through an alternate route or at some other point on the path. However, most of the people he met on the way fail to reach Celestial City. This mirrors the idea of strict predestination in Calvinism – entry into heaven is wholly due to God’s divine intervention and only those who fall under God’s â€Å"sovereign grace† are predestined to be saved from damnation (Calvinism). Human beings  are granted and denied entry into heaven according to God’s own will, regardless of any human actions. Salvation for an individual was thus, in total dependence of God alone. Salvation was not meant for every man. With this in mind, the central character in ‘The Pilgrim’s Progress’, Christian, consequently stands for the individual the â€Å"elect† who is predestined to receive sovereign grace from God. Even though other characters may go on the same path as Christian, however, if they were not predestined for salvation, any attempt or action to save themselves from damnation was useless. The Calvi nist notion of sovereign grace and strict predestination are thus clearly presented through the allegoric use of the protagonist Christian. Simply put, as a form of allegory, the story and everything in the text bear an immediate reference to the religious doctrine the literature wants to exemplify. Looking at ‘Everyman’ and ‘The Pilgrim’s Progress’, the involvement of the individual in the process of seeking salvation is regarded as a significant expression of religious difference. ‘Everyman’ begins with a long monologue of God accusing all human beings of â€Å"[drowning] in sin† and forsaking Him (Anon 26). Human beings have become so blinded by â€Å"worldly riches† that they have forgotten the grace of God’s creation and salvation. Greatly angered, God summoned Death to bring the message of final judgment to Everyman. Without any chance of escaping or bargaining his fate, Everyman has to go on a pilgrimage towards his final reckoning. As we can see, Everyman is in a passive position over his own predestined judgment. This opening serves to remind the audiences of a number of Catholic beliefs. Firstly, the fact that all human beings have sinned and are in mercy of God is evident. As mentioned by God, human beings lived lives of their own pleasures and commended to the seven deadly sins. Almighty and ultimately in control of judging a human being’s life, God holds final reckoning on every man. No man can design his predestination according to his own will. God was the be-all and end-all. Secondly, the transience of life and the crucial need for an individual to perform good deeds when he was alive is also conveyed. For Everyman, Death came to him without any warning or sign, like a sudden and uninvited guest, throwing Everyman off guard and arousing great fear for his fatal end. This helps to remind the audiences or readers of the unexpectedness and inevitability of death, and consequently, the essence to seize their time to do good and meaningful things. As God is the creator of  the universe, human beings are his creation too. Accordingly, everything one owns, including his life is borrowed from God (Cicily). In Everyman’s conversation with Death, this very Catholic belief is directly illustrated. Emphasizing that everything in the world belonged to God, it was not worthy to spend one’s life gaining more on goods and earning more money since all these were â€Å"but lent thee† (Anon 164). They were temporary. What human beings should seek for is life in the heaven. And the only way to achieve it was to cherish the moments in life to do good as this was the basis of God’s judgment when life ended. Therefore, the involvement of an individual, the transience of life and the important need for one to seek less on worldly possessions helps to bring out the important Catholic doctrine of mankind taking away from the world only what they can give but not what they have received. As for the individuality of Chr istian’s journey towards salvation is a highly sufficient and convincing projection of Bunyan’s â€Å"The Pilgrim’s Progress† as a piece of Calvinist work. Focusing on one’s individual conscience and the individual relation with God, religion, from the Calvinist point of view is a very private journey. Christian remained, throughout his journey, on his own. From abandoning his family, his home and all familiarity in the beginning, in order to achieve the ultimate goal of salvation, to overcoming the many obstacles he met along the way on his pilgrimage, although Christian had the company of a few different people along the way, his journey remained an internal expedition. Christian’s solitarily not only echoes with the Calvinist belief of salvation as an individual spiritual journey but also the fact that the road to seek God was different for every man since salvation was achieved on one’s own. The very different experiences of Christian and Faithful go to show how unique everyone’s journey to salvation may be. At the same time, one can be reminded that the faith to persevere on one’s spiritual journey is crucial as well. Just like in the beginning of â€Å"The Pilgrim’s Progress† where Christian first started off on his journey to the wicket gate, his wife and children had cried for his return. However, Christian made no attempt to look back or waver on his decision. He placed his fingers in his ears, focused on his â€Å"new awaken duty† and ran on (Johnston). The temptation to stray from one’s responsibility – to seek salvation, is therefore easy and dangerous. In Christian’s pi lgrimage, he faces numerous obstacles the  Slough of Despond, the Valley of Humiliation, the Valley of the Shadow of Death, the Vanity Fair etc, and came across many different characters all bearing the risk and chance to drive him away from his original path. All the places and episodes are in fact allegorized to convey the fact that the stronghold to faith in God was important. To avoid pitfalls and dangers of potential risks, sights and sounds from the world had to be shut out. Only then can one to focus on the path to Celestial City, which leads to salvation. The most important element in conveying their respective religious meanings in both â€Å"Everyman† and â€Å"The Pilgrim’s Progress† is the allegorical characters the protagonist comes into contact with. Searching for a companion on his journey towards his final judgment, Fellowship, Kindred, Cousin and Goods have respectively refused to accompany Everyman on his journey to death. Everyman can turn to no one apart from Good-Deeds who finally goes with Everyman to the grave. However, right in the beginning, Good-Deeds are â€Å"sore bound† by Everyman’s sins that she â€Å"can not stear† (Anon 486). It is only after Everyman’s confession that Good-Deeds became stronger to be able to accompany Everyman on his journey. Here, several religious meanings are conveyed. Fellowship, Kindred and Cousin are friends and relatives to Everyman. However, in the journey towards final judgment, these turn away from us as they do not bear responsibilit y for our damnation or salvation. The final reckoning is an individual matter in which no one else can help or replace you. Contrastingly, Good-Deeds go with Everyman in his final judgment. Allegorically, this is important in conveying the Catholic notion of good deeds being an essential element in the final judgment. God cared about whether a person made good use of his life, the way he spends it and the good and meaningful things a person has done when he was alive. However, Good-Deeds by itself is nothing if a man was to be in the state of sin. Everyman’s Good-Deeds remained bounded to the ground even though Everyman had it in him. Through Everyman’s confession in the House of Salvation, he is freed from his previous sins and his Good-Deeds is released. This goes to show that the Church, symbolized by the House of Salvation is the intermediary for humans to reach God and be forgiven for previous sins. The allegorized characters in â€Å"Everyman† thus help to convey important religious meanings. As for Bunyan’s â€Å"The Pilgrim’s Progress†, the allegorical characters which Christian met along his journey to Celestial  City also play an important role in conveying Calvinist religious meanings. Many of the characters like Faithful, Hopeful, Piety, Pliable, Obstinate etc, are in fact named after various adjectives and abstract entities which one can easily relate to when reading the novel. These characters act accordingly to the way it is named, thereby, easily allowing the reader to involve in the story itself. Allegorically, Christian’s journey to salvation is a personalized one but at the same time, it is also a personal journey for the reader. These different allegoric characters help to invite the reader to feel like Christian on his pilgrimage and also experience the nature of the same name. This reaffirms the notion of individual experienc es in spiritual life. Since different readers can interpret the names of different characters differently. In both â€Å"Everyman† and â€Å"The Pilgrim’s Progress†, allegory is an important element in the conveyance of their respective Catholic and Calvinist religious meanings. The names of the protagonist, the role of the individual in the road to salvation and the various characters help to illustrate and communicate their different religious meanings to the audience and readers.